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2. Hyperboloid model - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperboloid_model

   The vectors v ∈ R n+1 such that Q(v) = -1 form an n-dimensional hyperboloid S consisting of two connected components, or sheets: the forward, or future, sheet S +, where x 0 >0 and the backward, or past, sheet S −, where x 0 <0. The points of the n-dimensional hyperboloid model are the points on the forward sheet S +. The metric on the ...

3. Glossary of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical...

   A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula. As formulas are entirely constituted with symbols of various types, many symbols are needed for ...

4. Projection (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_(mathematics)

   In mathematics, a projection is an idempotent mapping of a set (or other mathematical structure) into a subset (or sub-structure). In this case, idempotent means that projecting twice is the same as projecting once. The restriction to a subspace of a projection is also called a projection, even if the idempotence property is lost.

5. Mathematical notation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_notation

   Mathematical notation consists of using symbols for representing operations, unspecified numbers, relations, and any other mathematical objects and assembling them into expressions and formulas. Mathematical notation is widely used in mathematics, science, and engineering for representing complex concepts and properties in a concise ...

6. List of mathematical constants - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_constants

   A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems.

7. List of mathematical abbreviations - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical...

   a.e. – almost everywhere. AFSOC - Assume for the sake of contradiction. Ai – Airy function. AL – Action limit. Alt – alternating group (Alt ( n) is also written as A n.) A.M. – arithmetic mean. AP – arithmetic progression. arccos – inverse cosine function. arccosec – inverse cosecant function.

8. Identity (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(mathematics)

   Visual proof of the Pythagorean identity: for any angle , the point (,) = (⁡, ⁡) lies on the unit circle, which satisfies the equation + =.Thus, ⁡ + ⁡ =. In mathematics, an identity is an equality relating one mathematical expression A to another mathematical expression B, such that A and B (which might contain some variables) produce the same value for all values of the variables ...

9. Operator (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_(mathematics)

   Operator (mathematics) In mathematics, an operator is generally a mapping or function that acts on elements of a space to produce elements of another space (possibly and sometimes required to be the same space). There is no general definition of an operator, but the term is often used in place of function when the domain is a set of functions ...