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Delta-sigma ( ΔΣ; or sigma-delta, ΣΔ) modulation is an oversampling method for encoding signals into low bit depth digital signals at a very high sample-frequency as part of the process of delta-sigma analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs). Delta-sigma modulation achieves high quality by utilizing a ...
Delta modulation ( DM or Δ-modulation) is an analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog signal conversion technique used for transmission of voice information where quality is not of primary importance. DM is the simplest form of differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) where the difference between successive samples is encoded into n-bit data ...
In finance, the binomial options pricing model ( BOPM) provides a generalizable numerical method for the valuation of options. Essentially, the model uses a "discrete-time" ( lattice based) model of the varying price over time of the underlying financial instrument, addressing cases where the closed-form Black–Scholes formula is wanting.
Large eddy simulation ( LES) is a mathematical model for turbulence used in computational fluid dynamics. It was initially proposed in 1963 by Joseph Smagorinsky to simulate atmospheric air currents, [1] and first explored by Deardorff (1970). [2] LES is currently applied in a wide variety of engineering applications, including combustion, [3 ...
Swendsen–Wang algorithm. The Swendsen–Wang algorithm is the first non-local or cluster algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation for large systems near criticality. It has been introduced by Robert Swendsen and Jian-Sheng Wang in 1987 at Carnegie Mellon . The original algorithm was designed for the Ising and Potts models, and it was later ...
The Lambda-CDM, Lambda cold dark matter, or ΛCDM model is a mathematical model of the Big Bang theory with three major components: a cosmological constant, denoted by lambda (Λ), associated with dark energy. the postulated cold dark matter, denoted by CDM. ordinary matter. It is referred to as the standard model of Big Bang cosmology [1 ...
In solid-state physics, the tight-binding model (or TB model) is an approach to the calculation of electronic band structure using an approximate set of wave functions based upon superposition of wave functions for isolated atoms located at each atomic site. The method is closely related to the LCAO method (linear combination of atomic orbitals ...
If is less than the fracture toughness , the crack has not reached its critical size and the simulation is continued with the current crack size to calculate the alternating stress intensity as Δ K = β Δ σ π a . {\displaystyle \Delta K=\beta \Delta \sigma {\sqrt {\pi a}}.}