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Declaration of Helsinki. The Declaration of Helsinki ( DoH, Finnish: Helsingin julistus) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed originally in 1964 for the medical community by the World Medical Association (WMA). [1] It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. [1] [2] The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. [3] [4] A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or ...
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ( ACIP) is a committee within the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that provides advice and guidance on effective control of vaccine-preventable diseases in the U.S. civilian population. The ACIP develops written recommendations for routine administration of vaccines ...
Ring vaccination is a strategy to inhibit the spread of a disease by vaccinating those who are most likely to be infected. [1] This strategy vaccinates the contacts of confirmed patients, and people who are in close contact with those contacts. This way, everyone who has been, or could have been, exposed to a patient receives the vaccine ...
The World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in May 1974 with the objective to vaccinate children throughout the world. Ten years later, in 1984, the WHO established a standardized vaccination schedule for the EPI vaccines: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP), oral ...
The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the United States is an ongoing mass immunization campaign for the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) first granted emergency use authorization to the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine on December 10, 2020, [7] and mass vaccinations began four days later.
Vaccine efficacy or vaccine effectiveness is the percentage reduction of disease cases in a vaccinated group of people compared to an unvaccinated group. For example, a vaccine efficacy or effectiveness of 80% indicates an 80% decrease in the number of disease cases among a group of vaccinated people compared to a group in which nobody was ...
Global vaccination coverage 1980 to 2019 among one year olds [1] A vaccination schedule is a series of vaccinations, including the timing of all doses, which may be either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence. A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or ...