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This page describes some of the parameters used to characterize the thickness and shape of boundary layers formed by fluid flowing along a solid surface. The defining characteristic of boundary layer flow is that at the solid walls, the fluid's velocity is reduced to zero. The boundary layer refers to the thin transition layer between the wall ...
Kronecker delta. In mathematics, the Kronecker delta (named after Leopold Kronecker) is a function of two variables, usually just non-negative integers. The function is 1 if the variables are equal, and 0 otherwise: or with use of Iverson brackets : For example, because , whereas because . The Kronecker delta appears naturally in many areas of ...
e. In thermodynamics, enthalpy / ˈɛnθəlpi / ⓘ, is the sum of a thermodynamic system 's internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume. [1] It is a state function used in many measurements in chemical, biological, and physical systems at a constant external pressure, which is conveniently provided by the large ambient atmosphere.
Relative change. In any quantitative science, the terms relative change and relative difference are used to compare two quantities while taking into account the "sizes" of the things being compared, i.e. dividing by a standard or reference or starting value. [1] The comparison is expressed as a ratio and is a unitless number.
The symmetric difference is the set of elements that are in either set, but not in the intersection. Symbolic statement. A Δ B = ( A ∖ B ) ∪ ( B ∖ A ) {\displaystyle A\,\Delta \,B=\left (A\setminus B\right)\cup \left (B\setminus A\right)} In mathematics, the symmetric difference of two sets, also known as the disjunctive union and set ...
The term " n -dimensional Levi-Civita symbol" refers to the fact that the number of indices on the symbol n matches the dimensionality of the vector space in question, which may be Euclidean or non-Euclidean, for example, or Minkowski space. The values of the Levi-Civita symbol are independent of any metric tensor and coordinate system.
Einstein notation. In mathematics, especially the usage of linear algebra in mathematical physics and differential geometry, Einstein notation (also known as the Einstein summation convention or Einstein summation notation) is a notational convention that implies summation over a set of indexed terms in a formula, thus achieving brevity.
Resolving power definition. Some mass spectrometrists use the definition that is similar to definitions used in some other fields of physics and chemistry. In this case, resolving power is defined as: The minimum peak separation ΔM which allows to distinguish two ion species is then called: Resolution and resolving power, when defined in this ...
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