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The limit inferior of a sequence (xn) is defined by or Similarly, the limit superior of (xn) is defined by or Alternatively, the notations and are sometimes used. The limits superior and inferior can equivalently be defined using the concept of subsequential limits of the sequence . [1] An element of the extended real numbers is a subsequential limit of if there exists a strictly increasing ...
In mathematics, a limit is the value that a function (or sequence) approaches as the argument (or index) approaches some value. [1] Limits of functions are essential to calculus and mathematical analysis, and are used to define continuity, derivatives, and integrals. The concept of a limit of a sequence is further generalized to the concept of a limit of a topological net, and is closely ...
The initial informal statement can now be explicated: The limit of a function f(x) as x approaches p is a number L with the following property: given any target distance from L, there is a distance from p within which the values of f(x) remain within the target distance.
Using the squeeze theorem, [4] we can prove that which is a formal restatement of the approximation for small values of θ. A more careful application of the squeeze theorem proves that from which we conclude that for small values of θ. Finally, L'Hôpital's rule tells us that lim θ → 0 cos ( θ ) − 1 θ 2 = lim θ → 0 − sin ( θ ) 2 θ = − 1 2 , {\displaystyle \lim ...
The sequence given by the perimeters of regular n -sided polygons that circumscribe the unit circle has a limit equal to the perimeter of the circle, i.e. . The corresponding sequence for inscribed polygons has the same limit.
In mathematics, the study of interchange of limiting operations is one of the major concerns of mathematical analysis, in that two given limiting operations, say L and M, cannot be assumed to give the same result when applied in either order. One of the historical sources for this theory is the study of trigonometric series. [1]
In mathematics, the exponential function can be characterized in many ways. This article presents some common characterizations, discusses why each makes sense, and proves that they are all equivalent. The exponential function occurs naturally in many branches of mathematics. Walter Rudin called it "the most important function in mathematics". [1] It is therefore useful to have multiple ways ...
Set limits, particularly the limit infimum and the limit supremum, are essential for probability and measure theory. Such limits are used to calculate (or prove) the probabilities and measures of other, more purposeful, sets. For the following, is a probability space, which means is a σ-algebra of subsets of and is a probability measure defined on that σ-algebra. Sets in the σ-algebra are ...